Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery involves all surgeries undertaken on conditions that relate to the heart, lungs, and other contents of the chest. Generally, various diseases involved include coronary artery disease, disorders of heart valves, thoracic tumors, and aortic aneurysms. All these can be open or minimally invasive procedures.

One of the common types of cardiovascular surgical procedures involves CABG or the coronary artery bypass graft. This surgery reroutes the flow of blood around the occluded coronary arteries and opens it up to give satisfactory circulation to the heart tissue; this often ameliorates symptoms such as pain and shortness of breath. Valve repair or valve replacement surgeries also fix dysfunction problems with the valves on the heart, leading either to heart failure or potentially harmful arrhythmias unless intervened upon. The surgery of prosthetic valve position, functionality, and potential function is ensured using enhanced imaging techniques and intraoperative echocardiography during these surgeries.

Lobectomy or pneumonectomy can be done in case some lung segments have cancer infection, and such portions should be removed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is an emerging minimal access thoracic surgery that spares the big incision completely and recovery is highly better and with a very low incidence of complications when compared with the traditional open thoracotomy.

Preventive aortic surgery, such as aneurysm repair or dissection, is of utmost importance in the management of life-threatening conditions. The role of endovascular techniques, such as stent grafting, has changed this approach with less invasive methods and potentially quicker recovery times than with open surgery.

All the surgical operations concerning the thorax as well as cardiovascular surgeries require multidisciplinary practice where cardiologists, thoracic surgeons, and anesthesiologists or critical care specialists take part in treatment. To get the best results, a wide range of preoperative tests and highly advanced imaging be set in place to give full care during post-surgery periods. Since surgery technology is not static and is improved with time, the quality of treatment as well as the recovery from thoracic and cardiovascular diseases improves constantly over time as well as lowers the potential risks connected to those diseases.